Free PDF , by Annie Cossins
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, by Annie Cossins
Free PDF , by Annie Cossins
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Product details
File Size: 4063 KB
Print Length: 317 pages
Page Numbers Source ISBN: 1743314019
Publisher: Allen & Unwin; Main edition (May 1, 2014)
Publication Date: May 1, 2014
Language: English
ASIN: B00KTJIP68
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Hadn't realised there was a baby (death) trade in Australia. It's interesting to read about this period which was so affected by the birth of unexpected children and how to deal with them.
Loved this book. It is long, but I liked that it was really thorough. It almost seemed as though it was multiple stories in the one book. Very thorough, interesting and shocking. I recommended it to my Mum who also loved it!
Disturbing history for Australia in the early beginnings. Very sad.
As a person who is enraptured by history, especially Australian history, I found this book very interesting, although one chapter was difficult to read regarding the condition of the babies found. I could relate to the streets of Sydney and their surrounding suburbs as they still exist (though perhaps not the street numbers now) and because of my own early family history could relate to the conditions under which they lived. I still cannot understand why such people would harm an innocent child.
I couldn't put this book down once I started reading it. I didn't know about baby farming. I though it was a great book!
An un nerving saga of early Sydney which persisted because of social disinterest--- an easy way out, sad for some young girls. The court system of that time was deplorable. This would interest anyone with family history research.
In The Baby Farmers, Annie Cossins examines in detail the investigation and trial of Sarah and John Makin, who in 1892 stood accused of the murder of 13 infants found buried in their backyard.A hundred years ago, women who fell pregnant out of wedlock had very few choices. Prevailing morality condemned them no matter their circumstances, and keeping the child with them was usually impossible. Some risked backyard abortion services but many simple concealed their pregnancies as best they could, gave birth alone in their rooms, or in stables or in nearby bush and then abandoned the infants to the elements. On average, 6000 children under the age of five died each year in the New South Wales colony and while some of those deaths can be attributed to the common disease that plagued the population, like Scarlet Fever, Syphilis and Measles, "So frequent was infanticide that The Evening News carried a weekly column entitled 'How The Babies Go' which reported on the number of dead babies found in the city each week." (p75) The bodies of many more babies were likely never discovered.Mother's who were unable to discard their offspring, or perhaps hoped one day to be reunited with them, sought a 'kind mother to adopt [a] child for a life'. Some mothers placed their own advertisements while others responded to those placed by baby farmers, women and men, often couples, eager to 'adopt' a child in exchange for a weekly stipend or preferably a lump sum (premium) payment. Payments varied but they were rarely enough to raise a child, amounts £2-£5 being most common in order to be affordable for the servant and working class that most often utilised the service.The case of Sarah and John Makin sheds light on what happened to these infants once left in the care of a baby farmer. While some of the mother's believed their child would be loved and well cared for, others understood that the adoption payment was little more than a disposal fee. The Makin's, it is suggested, variously starved, overdosed, smothered or otherwise murdered the infants in their care, burying them in the backyards of the houses in which they lived at the time. Baby farming was a business where turnover was important to maximise profit so the Makin's, like other baby farmers, 'adopted' as many infants as they could.As part of my degree in Early Childhood Education, we were required to study the history of child welfare in Australia so I was familiar with the basic facts of this sensational case and the changes in heralded in law. In The Baby Farmer is a detailed study of how the hypocrisy of religion, government and law encouraged the growth of baby farming as an industry, the backgrounds of Sarah and John Makin and the complex trial that followed the discovery of the wrapped and buried infants.It seems the author found several errors in the prosecution of the Makin's, who were eventually sentenced to death for the murder of one of the infants discovered. Cossins details the trial, quoting and paraphrasing court records, news reports and other sources. Due to a number of factors, the deaths of the other 12 were dismissed as unproved but there can be no doubt that the Makin's systematically murdered children to profit from the premiums offered for their 'care'.While the writing can be dry and dense at times, The Baby Farmers offers intriguing insight into the socioeconomic period at the turn of the last century. I was fascinated and appalled by the chilling tale of the rise and fall the notorious couple, Sarah and John Makin but mostly I am left extremely thankful that today in Australia most of the stigma surrounding pregnancy out of wedlock has disappeared, that the government offers financial and practical assistance to single parents, that abortion is accessible and legal and that the life and welfare of babies and children are valued.
‘One of the best kept secrets of the nineteenth century was the trade in the life and death of children.’This trade in the life and death of children was a consequence of the limited choices available to women who were pregnant and were either unmarried, or unable to afford a child. In the absence of effective contraception, safe abortion, social condemnation (if unmarried) and loss of employment with no welfare benefits or support, many women were desperate enough to abandon their babies. In New South Wales, the Children’s Protection Act was not enacted until August 1892.‘Women who killed babies constituted the largest group of people, men or women, in the late nineteenth century who committed murder in New South Wales…’And during this period, newspapers regularly ran advertisements like this one:‘WANTED, Kind Lady to adopt little girl 2 months’ old, or to care for. Iran, Petersham post office.’This advertisement received the following reply:‘Dear IranI will take your little baby for life at a small sum of £3 or £3 10s, or whatever terms we may come to. It is not just for the sake of the money, but just to give the child an outfit. You need never trouble about your baby’s welfare. She will have every attention and the love of a kind mother. We are on the eve of going to the suburbs on a poultry farm to a fine healthy part, so if you will come down we will explain things and make arrangements.Yours faithfully,Mr Ray109 George-street, Redfern, up the steps.’‘Mr Ray’ was one of the aliases used by John Makin. He and his wife Sarah became known as two of the most notorious baby farmers in Sydney. The Makins were convicted of the murder of baby Horace Amber Murray in 1893. John Makin was hanged, while Sarah was sentenced to life imprisonment. In this book Annie Cossins (currently Professor of Law and Criminology in the Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales) tells their story.What kind of people become baby farmers? Often a premium, usually a few pounds, was paid to the baby farmer. Sometimes the mother (and occasionally the father) would want to visit the child, and some paid ongoing stipends to cover their child’s care. But baby farmers generally took in far more babies than they could possible care for. The babies died usually from starvation or neglect.Some thirteen baby corpses were recovered from where they were buried in the backyards of houses occupied by the Makins. I wonder how many more remained unfound?While the Makins are central to this book, it is more than an examination of their crimes. Ms Cossins provides detailed background for each of the Makins and outlines the society in which they lived. Ultimately, the Makins’s convictions were due to the dogged investigations by Sergeant James Joyce of the Newtown police. While it’s possible that they may not have been guilty of the particular crime for which they were convicted (the murder of Horace Amber Murray), it’s highly unlikely that they weren’t guilty of the murder or manslaughter of a number of babies. As Ms Cossins writes:‘But how can a jury decide if a baby has been murdered if there is no evidence about how it died, such as starvation, poisoning or smothering? There was a gap and the gap was filled with assumptions.’Certainly, as Ms Cossins demonstrates, the Makins did not receive a fair trial by today’s standards. Which raises a worrying question: is it ‘okay’ for justice to be served in this way? For convictions to rely on prejudicial evidence, when neither coronial inquests nor the trial could determine how the babies died? To what extent were the Makins also victims of circumstances?This is an absorbing and uncomfortable read. While it’s difficult to find much (if any) sympathy for the Makins, it’s hard not to think about the hypocrisy of a society that seemed not to care at all for illegitimate children, unless they fell victim to baby farmers. This is a side of Australian society that we’d prefer not to remember.Jennifer Cameron-Smith
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